Mudasir khan

The history of Pashtuns encompasses peaceful settlements as well as violent battles and wars. Historians recall Afghanistan as a land of the dead, as Alexander the Great also failed to conquer it. William Dalrymple argues in his book,” The Battle for Afghanistan,” that this region has never been ruled by a single ruler, as the locals here don’t accept any emperor. After the 1750s, Afghanistan and the North Western region had been under the Durrani empire. However, the Kurds, Tajiks, and Uzbeks in northern Afghanistan had their own governance structure of tribal leaders. Additionally, accession of control was indirect as the power was given to local leaders, and hierarchical social strata were in existence. Uprisings were also there in the post-empirical era, such as during the era of Faqir of Ip, but there hadn’t been a clear struggle against coercion. The nature of Pashtun rebellions was violent and not on a large scale, but in the 20 th century, a great personality and a symbol of c...

Africa had been a country blessed with precious minerals, but its economy had also been on the brink. During the 16th century, expeditions from Great Britain went to Africa, and by the 19th century, Africa became the colony of Great Britain. As racism was deep-rooted in Africa, so racist imperialism began in Africa. While the industrial revolution was at its peak in Europe, Africa served as a large-scale exporter of raw materials, which made child labor and worker discrimination common in Africa. Africans were economically looted by various mutraveled to Africa, and by the 19th century, Africa had become a British colonylti-national companies till the world wars. Along with imperialist oppression, Africa also served as a host to the U.S military, as locals were forced to join the U.S. Army with negligible wages. The major glimpses of slavery during World War 1 are explicit evidence of how Africans were exploited. The history of anti-colonial movements in Africa stretches back to the 18...

A quiet yet irrevocable transformation is redefining global influence—one not anchored in territorial might or economic heft, but in the intellectual and innovative capital of a nation’s people. In this cognitive era , where artificial intelligence, automation, and digital ecosystems shape geopolitical and economic trajectories, the new axis of power is skills. Nations that invest in adaptive, high-functioning minds will flourish; those that persist in antiquated educational orthodoxy will recede into strategic irrelevance . Pakistan, straddling the fault line between opportunity and inertia, finds itself confronting a sobering question: will it recalibrate its developmental model to embrace this global skill paradigm, or will it remain entrenched in a pedagogy that exalts compliance over creativity ? Our prevailing education model, an outdated relic of colonial bureaucratic systems, champions rote memorization and exam-based evaluation. It valorizes regurgitated knowledge ov...